Preferred complaint strategies in Japanese and English
Appendix 4:
Inventory of English softeners collected from the JJ group
(N= frequency of occurrences)
| Pragmatic Form | Complaining to a roommate | N | Complaining to a professor | N |
| Affective particles |
-yo (imperative or informative) | 33 | nikutuka | 2 |
| -yone? | 26 | – | 0 | |
| -ya | 24 | – | 0 | |
| -ne | 16 | – | 0 | |
| -naika? | 13 | – | 0 | |
| -kana | 13 | – | 0 | |
| -yo + ne? | 11 | – | 0 | |
| -jyanai ka(n)? | 7 | – | 0 | |
| -yona? | 4 | – | 0 | |
| -jyan? | 4 | – | 0 | |
| -yona? | 4 | – | 0 | |
| -jaro? | 3 | – | 0 | |
| -yaro? | 3 | – | 0 | |
| -zo | 3 | – | 0 | |
| -daro(u)? | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -desyo? | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -yan(ka)? | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -hen? | 1 | – | 0 | |
| -wa | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Hedges | chotto | 94 | moshi yoroshikattara/yokereba | 5 |
| sukoshi | 15 | jibun narini | 4 | |
| -toka | 7 | sorenari ni | 1 | |
| nannka | 7 | ojitsu ha | 3 | |
| dekireba/dekitara | 6 | – | 0 | |
| semete | 3 | – | 0 | |
| amari+nai | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -mitai/-you nan dakedo | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -darou/-jyarou kedo | 2 | – | 0 | |
| -ichiou | 2 | – | 0 | |
| chottode iikara | 1 | – | 0 | |
| kamo | 1 | dakedemo | 1 | |
| -no hazu | 1 | – | 0 | |
| asuga ni | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Emotive verbs |
to omou/omotta | 7 | – | 10 |
| ki ga suru | 4 | – | 0 | |
| tsumori | 1 | – | 15 | |
| shite mita | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Hesitation markers |
ano ne/ ano sa | 18 | ano | 18 |
| tteka | 3 | &ndash | 1 | |
| Apology | gomen (kedo) | 11 | sumimasen | 21 |
| warui (nnda) kedo | 4 | jibun to shiteha | 1 | |
| Sympathizers | moshi nannka arun yattara shikatanai kedo | 5 | &ndash | 0 |
| chotto kurainara betsuni iindakedo/~wa betsuni shite | 4 | &ndash | 0 | |
| kamo shirenaikedo | 3 | &ndash | 0 | |
| wa iikedo/kamawannonjyakedo | 2 | sashitsukae nakereba | 1 | |
| mo wakaru kedo | 1 | &ndash | 0 | |
| Disarmers | ~wa ii kedo | 2 | doushitemo -nai | 1 |
| ~wa ii nikuin da kedo | 2 | &ndash | 0 | |
| ~to yakaku iu kennriha nai keredo | 1 | &ndash | 0 | |
| ~to wa iwan kedo | 1 | &ndash | 0 | |
| watashimo kiotukeruke | 1 | &ndash | 0 | |
| Gratitude | ~shitekureruto iina/ureshii | 2 | ~tara saiwai desu | 1 |
| ~nara tasukaru | 1 | &ndash | 0 |
Note: Shaded cells are variations of the softener immediately above them.
| Main Article | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Appendix 3 | Appendix 4 |
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